Punta Arenas (literally in Spanish: "Sands Point") is the most prominent settlement on the Strait of Magellan and the capital of the Magallanes y la Antartica Chilena Region, Chile, and is claimed to be the world's southernmost city. (Ushuaia, Argentina also makes this claim, but it's two times smaller). Punta Arenas is the third largest city in the entire Patagonian Region, after the more northerly Argentine cities of Neuquen and Comodoro Rivadavia. In 2002, it had a population of 120,000.Interactive map, INE Census 2002, Chile. (Click on XII Region and then on Punta Arenas) It is roughly 1418.4 km from the coast of Antarctica.

The Magallanes region is considered part of Chilean Patagonia. Magallanes is Spanish for Magellan, the explorer who, while circumnavigating the earth for Spain, passed close to the present site of Punta Arenas in 1520.

Located on the Brunswick Peninsula, Punta Arenas is the southernmost city of its size in the world. Early English navigational documents referred to its location as "Sandy Point."

Etymology

The 17th century explorer John Byron is sometimes given credit for the naming. But it was not until much later than any sort of city was settled by the Chilean government (1843). The name Punta Arenas grew out of the Spanish term 'Punta Arenosa', which was a literal translation of the English name 'Sandy Point'. The city has also been known as "Magallanes" though today that term is normally used to describe the administrative region which includes the city. Punta Arenas has also been called "the city of the red roofs" for the red-painted metal roofs that characterised the city for many years, although since about 1970 the availability of other colours in protective finishes for the characteristic metal roofing has resulted in greater variety.

An homonym city is located in the northern area of Peru, in the city of Talara. Punta Arenas is a well-known private beach area belonging to PetroPeru, the Peruvian oil company.

History

Two early Spanish settlements attempted along this coast (on the Straits of Magellan), including the first (1584), called Nombre de Jesus, failed in large part due to the harsh weather and difficulty in obtaining food and water, and the enormous distances from other Spanish ports. A second colony, Rey don Felipe, was attempted at another location some 80 kilometers south of Punta Arenas. This became known later as Puerto Hambre, sometimes translated as Port Starvation or Famine Port. These Spanish settlements had been established with the intent to prevent piracy by English pirates, by controlling the Straits of Magellan. Ironically it was an English pirate captain, Thomas Cavendish, who rescued the last surviving member of Puerto Hambre in 1587.

As said above, on the year 1843 the Chilean government sent an expedition with the appointed task of establishing a permanent settlement on the shores of the Strait of Magellan. For this it built and commissioned a small sail ship called Goleta Ancud, which under the command of the British sailor John Williams transported a crew of 21 people (captain, eighteen crew, two women), plus cargo, to accomplish the mandate of the Chilean government. The founding act of the settlement took place on the 21st of September 1843.

Although the site was perfectly suited for a military garrison with the mission of coastal defence, since it is located on top of a small rocky peninsula, it was ill prepared to become a proper civilian settlement. With this in mind the Military Governor, Jose de los Santos Mardones, decided in 1848 to move the settlement to its current location, on the sides of the Las Minas river, renaming it Punta Arenas.

In the mid-19th century, Chile used Punta Arenas as a penal colony and a disciplinary posting for military personnel with "problematic" behaviour, as well as a place for immigrant colonisation. In 1877 a mutiny, known as "El Motin de los Artilleros" (Mutiny of the Artillerymen) led to the destruction of a large part of the town and the murder of many civilians not directly associated with the prison. In time the city was restored and with the growth of the sheep industry and the discovery of gold, as well as increasing trade via sailing ships, began to prosper. Between about 1890 and 1940, the Magallanes region became one of the world's most important sheep-raising regions, with one company (Sociedad Explotadora de Tierra del Fuego) controlling over 10,000 square kilometres in southern Chile and Argentina. The headquarters of this company and the residences of the owners were in Punta Arenas. Visitors today can get a glimpse of the economic stature of the city, or at least of its leading citizens, by touring the Sarah Braun museum (sometimes called Braun-Menendez mansion) in the center of Punta Arenas. Other popular attractions include the two nearby rookeries for Magellanic penguins, and the rebuilt site of the failed Fuerte Bulnes settlement.

The Punta Arenas harbour, although exposed to storms, was considered one of the most important in Chile before the construction of the Panama Canal, because it was used by ships to prepare for the difficult passage around Cape Horn. Today it is mostly used by tourism cruises and scientific expeditions. The city is often a jumping-off point for Antarctic expeditions, although these days Ushuaia is the more frequently used port.

Economy

By 2006 the economy of Punta Arenas and the region had diversified considerably, and the city is vibrant and modern. Chile's principal oil reserves, though small, are located here, along with some low-grade coal. A modern methanol plant is located a short distance from the city. Agricultural production, including sheep and cattle, continues to play a significant role, while tourism has contributed to its popularity and steady growth. Fisheries and silviculture are also significant here. A regular ferry service connects Punta Arenas with the main island of Tierra del Fuego and a less frequent ferry runs to the Chilean town of Puerto Williams. A modern airport serves international connections and is often a stopping point for aircraft going to or coming from Antarctica. Paved highways connect Punta Arenas with Argentina.

Demography

Note the majority of its population, although Chilean, have other European ancestries, especially when it was a colony of immigration: Spaniards, Portuguese, Croatians and other Yugoslavians, British (English, Welsh and Scottish), Irish and Scandinavians came in the early days of Punta Arenas (late 19th century) when it was such a highly visited trans-oceanic port.

Climate

The seasonal temperature in Punta Arenas is greatly moderated by its proximity to the ocean, with weather.com specifying average lows in July near −1 °C (31 °F) and highs in January of 14 °C (57 °F). This is not to say that it is known for stable constant temperatures, only small variability with season. Punta Arenas is also quite dry, with only 43 mm (1.7 inches) of rain in its wettest month of May. Among Chileans the city is also known for its strong winds (up to 130 km/hour). Winds tend to be strongest during the summer when city officials put up ropes in the downtown area to assist with unique wind currents created by the buildings.

In September 2000, Punta Arenas was the first significantly populated city in the world to be directly affected by the hole in the ozone layer, exposing its residents to potentially damaging levels of ultra violet radiation.

Tourism

Patagonia is recognized worldwide for amazing sights and wilderness. Interesting places to visit include:

Penguin colonies in Seno Otway and Magdalena Island.
Rey Jorge Island Natural Sea Park (whale observation).
Torres del Paine National Park, near Puerto Natales.
Seno Skyring
Puerto Hambre, an early Spanish colony which failed and under the name of Port Famine became a Royal Navy base. It was here that Captain Pringle Stokes, the captain of HMS Beagle, shot himself in his cabin due to severe depression and temporary command was given to Lieutenant W.G. Skyring.
Fauna Patagonica "Estancia Lolita". A beautiful place for watching different species of native animals and birds. *Fauna Patagonica "Estancia Lolita"

The city of Punta Arenas has a rich history, reflected in places such as:

Punta Arenas harbour and shipping port area.
Regional Museum, with historical artifacts and part of the Braun-Menendez Mansion.
Maggiorino Borgatello Museum, Salesian Society museum of natural history and prehispanic ethnic groups.
Punta Arenas Cemetery, dates back to 1840's.
Cerro Mirador Ski Center, which has a beautiful view of the Strait of Magellan.

Sister Cities

Punta Arenas has the following sister city relationships, according to Bellingham Sister Cities Association, and Sister Cities International:

Bellingham, Washington, USA
Split, Croatia

Recently, Punta Arenas had a trans-national cultural exchange program with Scotland.

Image:PuntaArenasCathedral.jpg|Catedral of Punta Arenas Image:Punta Arenas-View1.jpg|Caption2 Image:PuntaArenasCroatianTomb.jpg Image:Punta Arenas-View2.jpg