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El Abra
El Abra is an Archaeological excavation site, located in the same name valley, east to the city of Zipaquira, department Cundinamarca, Colombia; in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, at an altitude of 2.570m. This cave system is one of the first Human settlements in America, used by the Homo sapiens inhabitants of the late pleistocene epoch.
Stratigraphy
The first research in the place was developed in 1967, and the stratigraphy of lithic instruments, bones and vegetal charcoal with radiocarbon dating established the date of the settlement in 12.400 BCE 160 years.
Archaeological Research
In 1960, the Indiana University collaborated in a more deep research. In 1970 the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (NWO-WOTRO)discovered 4 new Pre-pottery sites and the analisis of lake sediments allowed a more accurate understanding of the original weather and flora
Fuquene stadial
From 15000 BCE to 12500 BCE.Itis characterized by a cold weather, flora typical of Paramo ecosystem and stone tools
Guantiva interstadial
12.500 years ago, a gradual rise of temperature allowed the growing of andean cloud forest and the settlement of many animal species,making easier the hunting. Of this period are the abrienses flint (tool)s, and chopper cores. While the weather was more benign, the cave system was being gradually less used.
Tibito stadial
The excavations of this period, near Tocancipa town, dated 11400 years BCE, shows lithic instruments, Bone instruments and remains of Pleistocenic fauna, such as mastodons (Haplomastodon and Cuvieronius hyodon), American horse (Equus amerhipuus lasallei), and deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with traces of ritual ceremonies.
El Abra stadial
Dated 11.000 BCE, it is characterized by a new cooling of the weather, recession of the forests and a last glaciation. From this period the archaeological places of Tequendama Falls in Soacha shows lithic instruments (tequendamenses tools) with a more smooth manufacture, many of them made with materials bring to this places from the Magdalena river valley, such as Quartzite.
Holocene
10000 years BCE the last glaciation ended, the andean forest appeared again. The lithic instruments shows a rise in the recollecting activities, with rodents and vegetables consume, and low amount of large animals hunting. The Abra caves were abandoned gradually
Aguazuque
5.000 BCE the agriculture was stablished in terraces, grinding stone instruments can be observed in association with itinerant habits. abriense type instruments disappear.
References
Correal Urrego, Gonzalo 1980: "Estado actual de las investigaciones sobre la etapa litica en Colombia"; Antropologicas 2:11-30. Colombian Antropologic Society, Bogota.
1990: "Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistoeno y Holoceno de Colombia"; Revista de Arqueologia Americana, 1:69-89. Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia, Mexico.
Correal, Gonzalo; Thomas van der Hammen and J.C. Lerman 1970: "Artefactos liticos de abrigos en El Abra, Colombia"; Revista Colombiana de Antropologia 14: 9-46.
Hurt, Wesley; T. van der Hammen and Correal, G. 1976: "La ecologia y tecnologia de los abrigos rocosos en El Abra, Sabana de Bogota, Colombia"; Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica Colombiana XXX (109): 1-21. Bogota.
Van der Hammen, Thomas y E. Gonzalez 1963: "Historia de clima y vegetacion del Pleistoceno suprior y Holoceno de la Sabana de Bogota"; Boletin Geologico XI (1-3): 189-266. Bogota.
Van der Hammen, T. and Correal, G. 1978: "Prehistoric man on the Sabana de Bogota: data for an ecologiacal prehistory"; Paleography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 25:179-190.
"El hombre prehistorico en la Sabana de Bogota: datos para una prehistoria ecologica"; Thomas van der Hammen 1992: Historia, Ecologia y Vegetacion: 217-231. Corporacion Araracuara; Bogota ISBN 958-95379-4-4
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