Antonio Caballero y Gongora (in full, Antonio Pascual de San Pedro de Alcantara Caballero y Gongora) (May 24, 1723, Priego, Cordoba, Spain—March 24, 1796, Cordoba) was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate and, from 1782 to 1789, viceroy of New Granada.

In Spain and New Spain

Caballero y Gongora was born into an Hidalgo family in Cordoba. He studied first in Cordoba. At the age of 15 he received a scholarship to study theology in the Colegio de San Bartolome y Santiago in Granada. He continued his studies at the Colegio Imperial de Santa Catalina, graduating in 1744. He was ordained a priest on September 19, 1750. About this time he wrote a biography of the Granadan poet Jose Antonio Porcel y Salablanca.

In 1753 he was named canon of the cathedral of Cordoba, where he remained until 1775. He was a cultured man and a lover of the arts. He collected paintings by Velazquez, Rubens, Titian, etc., and his library contained the most modern works on all branches of knowledge. He was also a numismatist.

He was named bishop of Merida, Yucatan in 1775. He brought with him 38 crates of books, rich ornaments, paintings and coins. He reorganized the Colegio de San Pedro, which had fallen on hard times since the expulsion of the Jesuits.

Archbishop of Bogota

In 1777 he was named archbishop of Santa Fe de Bogota, New Granada by King Charles III, and confirmed by the pope. He arrived there on March 5, 1778. There he worked assiduously and successfully to pacify the rebels of the Comunero Revolt. For his services, King Charles subsequently made him a member of the Order of Carlos III and viceroy of the colony of New Granada.

He did much important pastoral work. He reformed the system of tithes and founded the sees of Merida (Venezuela) and Cuenca (Quito). He was unsuccessful in founding a see at Antioquia and in placing the diocese of Panama under the jurisdiction of Bogota (instead of Lima). Neither was he able to organize a provincial council of New Granada, as he had hoped.

In 1780 the Comunero Revolt broke out in New Granada, almost at the same time as the revolt of Tupac Amaru in Peru. This was largely a reaction against the new system of taxes ordered by Charles III. To institute these reforms, the Crown sent Juan Francisco Gutierrez de Pineres to the colony in 1777, with the title of visitador (inspector). He established a tobacco monopoly, prohibiting its cultivation in certain regions, such as Socorro and Chiriqui. He set taxes on playing cards and aguardiente, organized the tax office, and set up customs offices in Cartagena and Bogota.

The revolt began in Simacota, and included Mestizos, Criollos and Indigenous. About 20,000 men marched on the capital to demand the repeal of the new taxes, defeating colonial troops along the way. Viceroy Manuel Antonio Flores had left the capital for Cartagena to defend against an expected attack there by the British. Visitador Gutierrez de Pineres was forced to flee before the Comuneros. The Audiencia and the archbishop formed a delegation to meet with the rebels. The meeting was held at Zipaquira, only 60 km from the capital.

The rebels demanded the elimination of the new taxes and reductions in the old ones. Archbishop Caballero convinced the members of the Audiencia to accept all the terms. An agreement was reached on June 7, 1781, and the archbishop swore on the gospels to uphold it. The rebels dispersed. Nevertheless, once back in Bogota the Audiencia and the archbishop repudiated the agreement. The Comuneros rose again, but with less success. They were violently suppressed, and their leaders captured and executed.

Viceroy Manuel de Flores resigned on November 26, 1781 and was replaced by Juan de Torrezar Diaz Pimienta, governor of Cartagena. However Torrezar died on June 11, 1782, only four days after arriving in the capital. A sealed letter opened after his death directed that the new, interim viceroy should be Archbishop Caballero.

Viceroy of New Granada

It thus fell to Caballero to pacify the viceroyalty. He promulgated a pardon granted by the king, expanded and improved the colonial army, and sent Franciscan missionaries to the affected provinces to preach peace and obedience to the king. He also requested the Crown to abolish the recent reforms, including the creation of intendencias in the colony. New Granada become the only Spanish territory in America were they were not established.

His efforts to modernize the viceroyalty were of great importance. He stimulated the economy, industry and the arts, and greatly assisted the Royal Botanical Expedition of 1783, under Jose Celestino Mutis. In 1782 and 1783 he had to deal with an epidemic of smallpox. In 1783 the interim character of his appointment was removed, and he became viceroy in his own right. In October 1784 he went to Cartagena to settle the Indian population in towns, and to suppress an Indigenous rebellion in Darien and promote colonization there. The latter project was not successful. He founded new missions in Casanare and San Martin.

In 1787 he asked to be relieved of his positions, and the king granted his request the following year. In 1788 he was appointed bishop of Cordoba. He sailed for Spain in April 1789. In Cordoba, he founded the School of Fine Arts and donated his art collection to the city. He died there in 1796.

References

Caballero y Gongora, "Relacion del estado del Nuevo Reino de Granada, ano de 1789", in German Colmenares (Ed.), Relaciones e informes de los gobernantes de la Nueva Granada, 3 Vols. Bogota, Banco Popular, 1989. ISBN 958-9003-36-2.
Perez Ayala, Jose Manuel. Antonio Caballero y Gongora, virrey y arzobispo de Santafe. Bogota, Ediciones del Concejo de Bogota, 1951.
Restrepo Saenz, Jose Maria. Biografias de mandatarios y ministros de la Real Audiencia (1671 a 1819). Bogota, Academia Colombiana de Historia, 1952.

External links

Short biography
Short biography
Brief biography
Ecclesiastical appointments
History-of-Colombia

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