Clorinda Matto de Turner
Clorinda Matto de Turner (11 November 1853 - 25 October 1909) was a Peruvian writer who lived during the age of the Latin American independence movements. Her own independence inspired women throughout the region as her writings sparked controversy in her own culture. She was born and raised in Cuzco, Peru. Matto de Turner's father was Ramon Torres Mato and her mother was Grimanesa Concepcion Usandivares. When her mother died, she became known as Azucena de los Andes ("Lily of the Andes") throughout the region. Matto de Turner was baptized Grimanesa Martina Mato, but was called Clorinda among her friends and family. She originally had one T in her last name, but after studying the Inca culture she add the extra T to give the name an Inca flavor.
Growing up in Cuzco, the former Inca capital, Matto de Turner spent most of her days on her familys estate, Paullo Chico, which is near the village of Coya. As a teenager, Matto de Turner attended the school that is now known as the Escuela Nacional de Educandas (National Womens Secondary School). There she took some very unconventional courses that were viewed as unfeminine in the culture. She majored in independent studies, which included Philosophy, Natural History, and Physics. Matto de Turner left school at the age of sixteen to spend more time taking care of her brother and father. In 1871, at the age of 21, Matto de Turner married an Englishman, Dr. Turner, a wealthy landowner. Shortly after their marriage they moved to Tinta, where they lived for 10 years. In Tinta, Matto de Turner became more aware of Perus two histories: the colonial and the Inca. She became very familiar with indigenous culture, and the more she learned, the more she embraced it. Much of her writing is inspired by what she learned from her acquaintance with this culture. She found work as a journalist, with local and foreign papers. In 1878, Matto de Turner founded El Recreo de Casco, a magazine offering literature, science, art and education. She became known for literary works that portrayed indigenous people in a positive light, in contrast to the mainstream views of her society. Even though she was of white ancestry, she did not agree with the oppressive treatment of Peru's indigenous peoples, and she used her writings to speak out on their behalf. Matto de Turner also used her writings to campaign for better education for women.
In 1881, her husband died, leaving the estate bankrupt. Unable to improve her financial situation in Tinta, Matto de Turner moved to Arequipa where she worked as editor in chief at the newspaper La Bolsa Americana. While there she published two volumes of "tradiciones cuzquenas," one in 1884 and another in 1886. She also wrote the drama Himacc-Suacc (1884) and translated a Gospel into Quechua, a language spoken by the indigenous people in Peru. Besides her literary works she also got involved in politics, and raised money for the development of the battleship Almirante Grau.
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