MundoAndino Home : Chile Guide at Mundo Andino
Toqui
Toqui (Mapudungun for axe or axe-bearer) is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean people) to those who are chosen as their leader during times of war. The toqui is chosen in an assembly or parliament (coyag), of the chiefs (loncos) of the various clans (Rehues) or confederation of clans (Aillarehues), allied during the war in question. The Toqui could command strict obedience of all the warriors and their loncos during the war, organize them in units and appoint leaders over them. This command would continue until toqui was killed, deposed in another parliament , or upon completion of the war for which he was chosen.
Some of the more famous Toqui in the Arauco War with the Spanish introduced tactical innovations; for instance, Lautaro introduced infantry tactics to defeat horsemen. Lemucaguin was the first Toqui to use firearms and artillery in battle. Nongoniel was the first Toqui to use cavalry with the Mapuche army. Cadeguala was the first to successfully use Mapuche cavarly to defeat Spanish cavalry in battle. Anganamon was the first to mount his infantry to keep up with his fast moving cavalry. Lientur pioneered the tactic of numerous and rapid malons into Spanish territory.
List of Mapuche Toquis
The following Mapuche leaders were at some time named as toquisJose Ignacio Victor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, IMPRENTA DEL COMERCIO, VALPARAISO, June 1830. List of Toquis, pg. 162-163, 498-500.:
MalloqueteJeronimo de Vivar, Cronica y relacion copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile, Capitulo LXVI 1546
AinavilloVivar, Cronica..., Cap. XCV,XCVII, AynabilloPedro Marino de Lobera, Cronica del Reino de Chile., Cap. XXXI or Aillavilu 1550
Lincoyan 1551-1553
Caupolican 1553-1558
* Lautaro Vice Toqui 1553-1557
Turcupichun Diego de Rosales, Historia general de el Reino de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II, CAPITULO XXI 1557-1558
Lemucaguin Rosales, Historia general ..., Tomo II, CAPITULO XXI or Caupolican the younger Juan Ignacio Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II, Book III, Chap. VIII 1558
IllangulienAlonso de Gongora Marmolejo, Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536-1575), Capitulo XLVI, Quiromanite,, Queupulien Rosales, Historia General del Reino de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II, Cap. XXX or AntiguenuMolina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Volume II, Book IV, Chap. 1 1559-1564
* Millalelmo or Millarelmo Rosales, Historia general de el Reyno de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II or AntuneculMolina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, pg. 207-208 1562-1570
* Loble or Lig-lemu Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche, Descripcion historico-jeografica del Reino de Chile, TOMO I; Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, Tomo VIII, IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERIA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Num. 38., Santiago,1878, Tomo I Cap. LI, or Lillemu Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, pg. 211 Vice Toqui 1563-1565
Paillataru 1564-1574
* Llanganabal 1569
PainenamcuAccording to Rosales, Historia..., Tomo II, Capitulo LI, pg. 221. or Paynenancu Carvallo,Descripcion Historico..., originally Alonso DiazLobera calls him Diego Diaz, Cronica..., Libro tercero, Parte tercera, Capitulo XXXII; Rosales and Carvallo call him Alonso Diaz 1574-1584
Cayancaru or CayeucuraDiego de Rosales, Historia..., Tomo II, Capitulo LI 1584
Nongoniel or MangolienRosales, Historia ... , Tomo II, CAPITULO LII 1585
Cadeguala or CadigualaLobera, Cronica ..., Cap. XXXV 1585-1586
Guanoalca or Huenualca Claudio Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile Tomo II, Capitulo XIII 1586-1590
Quintuguenu 1591
Paillaeco 1592
Paillamachu 1592-1603
* Pelantaro Vice Toqui
* Millacolquin Vice Toqui
Huenecura or HuenencuraGay, Historia ... , Tomo II, Cap. XXXII. 1604-1610
Aillavilu, Aillavilu IIJose Ignacio Victor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, Impr. del Comercio, Valpraiso, 1850. pg. 498., Aillavilu SegundoGomez De Vidaurre, Coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional, Tomo 15, HISTORIA GEOGRAFICA, NATURAL Y CIVIL DEL REINO DE CHILE, TOMO II CON UNA INTRODUCCION BIOGRAFICA Y NOTAS POR J. T. MEDINA, IMPRENTA ERCILLA, SANTIAGO DE CHILE, 1889 1610-1612
AnganamonRosales, Historia general ..., Tomo II', AncanamonFrancisco Nunez de Pineda y Bascunan, El Cautiverio Feliz; Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili or AncanamunCarvallo, Descripcion historico..., TOMO I; Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, Tomo VIII, IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERIA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Num. 38., Santiago,18781612-1613
Loncothegua 1613-1620
Lientur 1621-1625
* Levipillan Vice Toqui
Butapichon or Butapichun 1625-1631
Quepuantu or Quempuante1631-1632
Butapichon or Butapichun1632-1634
Huenucalquin 1634-1635
Curanteo 1635
Curimilla 1635-1639
Lincopinchon 1640-1641
Clentaru 1655
Mestizo Alejo 1656-1661 @
Misqui 1661-1663
Colicheuque 1663
Udalevi 1664-1665
* Calbunancu vice toqui 1664-1665 Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Tomo III, CAPITULO XXVII
Ayllicuriche or Huaillacuriche Pedro de Cordoba y Figueroa, HISTORIA DE CHILE (1492-1717) 1672-1673
Millalpal Pedro de Cordoba y Figueroa , HISTORIA DE CHILE 1492-1717, Coleccion de historiadores de Chile Libro 7 Cap. 14 Vicente Carvallo Goyeneche, Descripcion Historico Geografia del Reino de Chile, Tomo II, Primera parte, Capitulo LXIV or Millapan'' 1692-1694
Vilumilla 1722-1726
Curinancu 1766-1774
Killed in battle or executed for rebellion or @ assassinated.
Sources
Juan Ignatius Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II., Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London, 1809
Jose Ignacio Victor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, IMPRENTA DEL COMERCIO, VALPARAISO, June 1830 List of Toquis, pg. 162-163, 498-500.
Need more information for your travel research or homework?
Ask your questions at the forum about History of Chile or help others to find answers.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Toqui
