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Moai
This is about the statues of Easter Island, for the seamount see Moai (seamount)
Moai (or moai) are monolithic human figures carved from rock on the Polynesian island of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), mostly between 1250 and 1500 CE. Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main moai quarry, but hundreds were transported from there and set on Ahu (platforms) which were mostly at the island's perimeter. Almost all have overly large heads three fifths the size of their body. The Moai are the 'living faces' (aringa ora) and representations of chiefly, deified ancestors. Sitting on their Ahus with their backs to the sea, these statues were still gazing across their clan lands when Europeans first visited the island, but most were then cast down during conflict between different clans on the island.
The production and transportation process required significant intellect, use of resources, and creativity, and is considered a remarkable feat of human endeavour. The tallest moai erected, called Paro, was almost high and weighed 75 tonnes; the heaviest erected was a shorter but squatter moai at Ahu Tongariki which weighed 86 tons; while one unfinished sculpture would have been approximately tall with a weight of about 270 tons.
From 1955 through 1978, an American archaeologist, William Mulloy, undertook extensive investigation of the production, transportation and erection of Easter Island's monumental statuary. Mulloy's Rapa Nui projects include the investigation of the Akivi-Vaiteka Complex and the physical restoration of Ahu Akivi (1960); the investigation and restoration of Ahu Ko Te Riku and Ahu Vai Uri and the Tahai Ceremonial Complex (1970); the investigation and restoration of two ahu at Hanga Kio'e (1972); the investigation and restoration of the ceremonial village at Orongo (1974) and numerous other archaeological surveys throughout the island.
Description
The Moai are monolithic statues, their minimalist style related to forms found throughout Polynesia. Moai are carved in relatively flat planes, the faces bearing proud but enigmatic expressions. The over-large heads have heavy brows, elongated noses with a distinctive fish-hook shaped curl of the nostrils. The lips protrude in a thin pout. Like the nose, the ears are elongated, and oblong in form. The jaw lines stand out against the truncated neck. The torsos are heavy, and sometimes the clavicles are subtly outlined in stone. The arms are carved in bas relief and rest against the body in various positions, hands and long slender fingers resting along the crests of the hips, meeting at the hami (loincloth), with the thumbs sometimes pointing towards the navel. Generally, the anatomical details of the backs are not detailed, but sometimes bear a ring and girdle motif on the buttocks and lower back. Except for one kneeling moai, the statues do not have legs.
Though Moai are whole body statues, they are often described simply as "heads". This is partly because of the disproportionate size of most moai heads, and partly because from the invention of photography until the 1950s the only Moai standing on the island were the statues on the slopes of Rano Raraku, many of which are buried to their shoulders. Some of the "heads" at Rano Raraku have been excavated and their bodies seen, and observed to have markings that had been protected from erosion by their burial.
Material Properties
All but 53 of the 887 moai known to date were carved from tuff (a compressed volcanic ash) from Rano Raraku, where 394 moai and incomplete moai are still visible today .
Characteristics
Eyes
In 1979 archaeologist Sonia Haoa Cardinali discovered that the hemispherical or deep elliptical eye sockets were designed to hold coral eyes with either black obsidian or red scoria pupils. The discovery was made by collecting and reassembling broken fragments of white coral that were found at the various sites. Subsequently, previously uncategorised finds in the Easter Island museum were re-examined and recategorized as eye fragments. It is thought that the moai with carved eye sockets were probably allocated to the ahu and ceremonial sites, suggesting that a selective Rapa Nui hierarchy was attributed to the moai design until its demise with the advent of the Birdman religion.
The Rapa Nui archaeologist Sergio Rapu Haoa reconstructed and mounted a pair of replica eyes in a moai at Tahai.
Pukao topknots and headdresses
Some Moai had pukao on their heads; these were carved out of red scoria, a very light rock from a quarry at Puna Pau.
Markings (post stone working)
When first carved, the surface of the moai was polished smooth by rubbing with pumice. Unfortunately the easily worked tuff from which most moai were carved is also easily eroded, and today the best place to see the surface detail is on the few moai carved from basalt, or in photographs and other archaeological records of Moai surfaces protected by burial.
Those moai that are less eroded typically have designs carved on their backs and posteriors. The Routledge expedition of 1914 established a cultural linkKatherine Routledge (1919) The Mystery of Easter Island ISBN 0-932813-48-8 page 220 between these designs and the island's traditional tattooing, which had been repressed by missionaries half a century earlier. Until modern DNA analysis of the islanders and their ancestors this was a key scientific evidence that the moai had been carved by the Rapa Nui and not by a separate group from South America.
At least some of the moai were painted; ''Hoa Hakananai'awas decorated with red and white paint until 1868 when it was removed from the island.
History
The statues were carved by the Polynesian colonizers of the island, mostly between circa 1250 CE and 1500 CE.Steven R Fischer. The island at the end of the world.Reaktion Books 2005 ISBN1 86189 282 9 In addition to representing deceased ancestors, the moai, once they were erected on ahu,may also have been regarded as the embodiment of powerful living or former chiefs and important lineage status symbols.
Completed statues were moved to ahumostly on the coast. Then erected, sometimes with red stone cylinders (pukao)on their heads. Moai must have been extremely expensive to craft and transport; not only would the actual carving of each statue require effort and resources, but the finished product was then hauled to its final location and erected.
The quarries in Rano Raraku appear to have been abandoned abruptly, with a litter of stone tools, many completed moai outside the quarry awaiting transport and almost as many incomplete statues still in situas were installed on ahu.In the nineteenth century this led to conjecture that the island was the remnant of a sunken continent and that most completed moai were under the sea. That idea has long been debunked, and now it is understood that:
Some statues were rock carvings and never intended to be completed.
Some were incomplete because when inclusions were encountered the carvers would abandon a partial statue and start a new oneKatherine Routledge (1919) The Mystery of Easter IslandISBN 0-932813-48-8 page 181 (tuff is a soft rock with occasional lumps of much harder rock included in it).
Some completed statues at Rano Raraku were placed there permanently and not parked temporarily awaiting removalKatherine Routledge (1919) The Mystery of Easter IslandISBN 0-932813-48-8 page 186
And some were indeed incomplete when the statue building era came to an end.
Craftsmen
The moai were either carved by a distinguished class of professional carvers who were comparable in status to high-ranking members of other Polynesian craft guilds, or alternatively by members of each clan. The oral histories show that the Rano Raraku quarry was subdivided into different territories for each clan.
Transportation
It is not known exactly how the moai were moved across the island but the process almost certainly required human energy, ropes, and possibly wooden sledges and/or rollers; as well as leveled tracks across the island (the Easter Island roads). Oral histories and science currently support the theory that the main method was that the moai were "walked" by a rocking process. .
Since the island was treeless by the time the Europeans first visited, the movement of the statues was for a long time a mystery; pollen analysis has now established that the island was almost totally forested until 1200 CE. The tree pollen disappeared from the record by 1650 and the statues stopped being made around that time.
1722 - 1868 the toppling of the Moai
After the 1722 Roggeveen visit all of the Moai that had been erected on Ahus were toppled, with the last standing statues reported in 1838 by Abel Aubert Dupetit Thouars, and no upright statues by 1868, apart from the partially buried ones on the outer slopes of Rano Raraku. Oral histories indicate that this was part of internecine conflict among the islanders rather than earthquake or other cause. Moai were usually toppled forwards to have their faces hidden, and often were toppled in such a way that their necks broke. Today about 50 moai have been re-erected on their Ahus or museums elsewhere.
Removal
Eleven or more moai have been removed from the island and transported to locations around the world, including six out of the thirteen Moai that were carved from Basalt. They can be seen in:
Belgium''Pou hakanononga removed by the Lavachery/Metraux/Watelin expedition to Rapa Nui 1934-35. Now in Musees royaux d'art et d'histoire, Brussels
Britain
Hoa Hakananai'a ("Stolen or hidden friend"); removed in 1868 and Moai Hava are two basalt Moai in The British Museum, London.Chile
An un-named moai removed from Hanga Roa in 1929 spent 40 years in Santiago, Chile before being transported to Argentina and making a round trip to the Netherlands. It was returned to the island in 2006.
Moai head (approximately 8ft tall) taken by Samuel Adams Green and displayed in New York City in c1960 to generate publicity for a campaign to prevent Air France building a jet refueling facility on Easter Island. The moai was confiscated by the Chilean authorities during its return from the successful campaign, and moved to the Museo Fonck, Vina del Mar (While the moai remained in the US, several castings were made by Lippencott of which; the third replica (003) stands at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History.)
(Complete) Moai FM-VDM-001 at the Museo Fonck (Corporacion Museo de Arqueologia e Historia Francisco Fonck), Vina del Mar [*]
A complete moai displayed in Europe, then moved to the Salon de la Polinesia, Museo arqueologico, La Serena,
France
Moai (head), presented to the Chilean government by Henri Lavachery and Alfred Metraux for the Musee de l'Homme after their expedition to Rapa Nui, in 1934-35. It now stands in the Pavillon des Sessions in the Musee du Louvre, ParisNew Zealand
A relatively small (under 2 metres) trachyte moai (with pukao) bought in 1929 from Norman Brander, and now at the Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand.USA
Complete moai with reconstructed eyes, presented in 2000 by the Embassy of Chile as a gift to The American University, Washington D.C.
Moai SI-WDC-001 and SI-WDC-002 (with scoria pukao) removed from Ahu O'Pepe to the National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC.
Unauthenticated Moai christened "Henry" at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, USA.
Preservation
The Rapa Nui National Park and the moai are included in the UNESCO world heritage list of 1994, and consequently the 1972 UN convention concerning the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage.
The EISP (Easter Island Statue Project) is the latest research and documentation project of the moai on Rapa Nui and the artifacts held in museums overseas. The purpose of the project is to understand the figures' original use, context, and meaning, with the results being provided to the Rapa Nui families and the islands public agencies that are responsible for conservation and preservation of the moai.
See also
Marae – The Polynesian ceremonial sites from which the moai and Ahu traditions evolved.
Ancestor worship
References
Heyerdahl, Thor . Skjolsvold, Arne. Pavel Pavel. The "Walking" Moai of Easter Island. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
McCall, Grant. (1995). " Rapanui (Easter Island)." Pacific Islands Year Book 17th Edition. Fiji Times. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
Matthews, Rupert. (1988). Ancient Mysteries. Wayland Publishing. ISBN 0-531-18246-0.
Pelta, Kathy. (2001). Rediscovering Easter Island. Lerner Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8225-4890-9.
Routledge, Katherine (1919) The Mystery of Easter Island ISBN 0-932813-48-8
Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. (2001) "Easter Island." In P.N. Peregine and M. Ember (eds.) Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-46257-5
Van Tilburg, Jo Anne, (2006), ''Remote Possibilities: Hoa Hakananai'a and HMS Topaze on Rapa Nui''. British Museum Research Papers.
External links
Unofficial Easter Island Homepage
PBS NOVA: Secrets of Easter Island
Skeptic World - Moai Statues of Easter Island
PBS NOVA: Secrets of Lost Empires: Easter Island
How to make Walking Moai: a hypothesis about how Moai were transported
Czech who made Moai statues walk returns to Easter Island
History of Easter Island stones
Easter Island - Moai Statue Scale
Many on Easter Island Prefer to Leave Stones Unturned
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Moai
